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Josef Leopold
Josef Leopold (born 18 February 1889 in Langenlois - died 24 June 1941 in Volhynia) was a leading member of the Nazi Party in Austria. He was the ''Landesleiter'' of the party from 1935 to 1938 and the head of the Sturmabteilung in Austria.〔F. Parkinson, ''Conquering the Past: Austrian Nazism Yesterday and Today'', 1989,p. 49〕 He belonged to the pro-independence tendency within Austrian Nazism and insisted that Adolf Hitler was only a spiritual leader rather than a future Austrian leader.〔David Wetzel, ''From the Berlin Museum to the Berlin Wall'', 1996 ,p. 139〕
==Early career==
Leopold was a native of the rural Waldviertel and, with little formal education, was expected to devote his life working his peasant father's small farm.〔Philip Rees, ''Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890'', Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 229〕 Leopold however followed a military career, joining the 49th Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army on 7 October 1910. He left the army in 1913, having reached the rank of sergeant but returned following the outbreak of the First World War. Leopold saw action on the Eastern Front until 1915 when he was captured by the Russians. He was sent to Siberia as a prisoner of war and remained in a camp until February 1918 when he escaped, returning to Austria.〔 Soon after this he saw service with the ''Volkswehr'' and following the reorganisation of the military after the establishment of the republic he was retained in the new Austrian Army as an instructor of new recruits.〔
Leopold's initial involvement in politics came in December 1918 when he joined the Social Democratic Party of Austria.〔 However, by the following year Leopold had switched sides to join Walter Riehl's ドイツ語:''Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei'' and he became a convinced activist in the party after hearing Adolf Hitler speaking at Krems an der Donau in 1920.〔 Leopold quickly rose through the ranks, so that by 1926 he was leader of the Sturmabteilung in Lower Austria as well as deputy Gauleiter of that region. With the support of Hitler he became full Gauleiter in 1927 and was soon leading the leading critic of Karl Schulz, whose faction of the Austrian Nazi Party was decidedly anti-Germany in outlook.〔
Leopold led a faction within Austrian Nazism that was underground in nature and which frequently launched terrorist attacks.〔Günter Bischof & Anton Pelinka, ''Austro-Corporatism: Past, Present, Future'', 1996, p. 183〕 His position as an extremist who supported independence meant that he clashed with the pro-Greater Germany wing of Theodor Habicht and the constitutional pro-independence wing under Anton Reinthaller.〔Rees, ''Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right'', p. 317〕 Following the banning of the Nazi Party in Austria in 1933 the fanatical Leopold was the only Gauleiter who refused to flee Austria. This resulted in his being interned in Wöllersdorf concentration camp from January 1934 to February 1935, a fact which precluded any involvement in the failed July Putsch of 1934.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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